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A smoke cloud covered Hemel Hempstead and nearby parts of west Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire. [80] The explosion was seen and heard from 50 miles (80 km) away and left a smoke plume with tops as high as 30,000 feet (9 km) It caused a 3.0 earthquake and blew glass out of windows around the city. The PEPCON Explosion Background On May 4, 1988, a massive fire and a series of explosions, the largest exceeding the equivalent of 1.5 million pounds of TNT, destroyed a chemical plant in Henderson, Nevada, killed two people and caused more than $70 million in damages to the surrounding community. The French losses during the operation were 58 killed and 320 wounded. On 12 September 1940, nearly 300,000 pounds of gunpowder exploded at the Hercules Company in the Kenvil area of Roxbury, New Jersey. The city is part of the Las Vegas Valley.Henderson occupies the southeastern end of the valley, at an elevation of 1,864 feet (568 m). Following early estimates of the yield of the explosion ranging from hundreds of tons of TNT equivalent[96][97][98][99][100] to 1.1 kilotons,[101] a study by researchers from the Blast and Impact Research Group at the University of Sheffield estimated the energy of the Beirut explosion to be equivalent to 0.5 - 1.2 kt of TNT. By Mary Manning. On 5 June 1941 it exploded,[36] blasting through the entirety of Smederevo and reaching settlements as far as 10 km (6.2 mi) away. Following the explosion, 258 fellow sailors refused to load ordnance; 50 of these, called the "Port Chicago 50", were convicted of mutiny even though they were willing to carry out any order that did not involve loading ordnance under unsafe conditions.[42]. Retrieved 7 August 2020. 372 additional employees were injured. A large number of buildings around were destroyed or badly damaged. On 17 July 1944, in Port Chicago, California, SS E. A. Bryan exploded while loading ammunition bound for the Pacific, with an estimated 4,606 short tons (4,178 t) of high explosive (HE), incendiary bombs, depth charges, and other ammunition. Guard units stationed as far away as Tongzhou, nearly 40 kilometres (25 mi) away, reported hearing the blast and feeling the earth tremble.[6]. The more powerful explosion was estimated at 336 tons TNT equivalent. The incident was blamed on high temperatures. The weight of an explosive does not directly correlate with the energy or destructive impact of an explosion, as these can depend upon many other factors such as containment, proximity, purity, preheating, and external oxygenation (in the case of thermobaric weapons, gas leaks and BLEVEs). [18] Rubble from the detonation was used in 1890 to fill the gap between Great Mill Rock and Little Mill Rock, merging the two into a single island, Mill Rock. Volume 4 of Battles and Leaders of the Civil War series p,649 for a larger view of this site, T. Bedford, P. H. A. J. M. van Gelder, 2003, "Safety and reliability: proceedings of the ESREL 2003 European safety and reliability conference", p.1688. Around 2,500 people died in the explosion, and half of the inhabitants were injured[37] (approximately 5,500). The Union forces failed to break through the Confederate defenses despite the success of the mine. The blast was felt across London and Essex and was heard over 100 mi (160 km) away, with the resulting fires visible for 30 mi (50 km). On May 4, 1988, Henderson, Nevada experienced an explosion that shook the city. Residents in nearby Lake County, Illinois saw the fireball and remembering the Peshtigo fire fled their houses, jumping into Lake Michigan. On 7 April 1945, after six hours of battle, Japanese battleship Yamato's magazine exploded as she sank, resulting in a mushroom cloud rising six kilometres (3.7 mi) above the wreck, and which could be seen from Kyushu, 160 kilometres (99 mi) away. Residents of Beirut are surveying the damage Wednesday after a massive explosion rocked the Lebanese capital, killing at least 135 people, wounding thousands and causing widespread damage. On 10 November 1944, USS Mount Hood exploded in Seeadler Harbor at Manus Island in Australian New Guinea, with an estimated 3,800 tons of ordnance material on board. The largest single charge was the Lochnagar mine south of La Boisselle with 60,000 lb (27 t) of ammonal explosive. Approximately 3–4 minutes after the initial blast, there was a second explosion from 12 oil cars. 73 people died and hundreds were injured. There were seven detonations in total, the largest being the last. Almost every window in Johannesburg was broken. They had a 14-mile no-build buffer. Wind damaged the fiberglass and steel framed structure and employees were using a torch to repair it. On 9 March 1972, 2,000 tons (4 million pounds) of explosive were detonated inside three levels of tunnels in the Old Reliable Mine near Mammoth, Arizona. A half hour later, another tank exploded as well. On May 4, 1988, the PEPCON plant experienced three major and several smaller explosions that caused over $70 million in property damage and caused two deaths. ... structure in the PEPCON plant between 1130 and … Because of the sensitivity of the subject, reports of the explosion were censored until after the Armistice. On 1 March 1924, an explosion destroyed a building in Nixon, New Jersey used for processing ammonium nitrate. During World War II, German invading forces in Serbia used Smederevo Fortress for ammunition storage. The explosion was reportedly heard up to 500 miles away. [83][84] Seismometers at the Mediterranean region recorded the explosion as a M3.0 seismic event. The Water Birds Say So", http://naufragios.es/index.php/naufragios-historicos/86-otros-naufragios-historicos/siglo-xix/259-efemerides-santander-3-de-noviembre-de-1893-la-terrible-tragedia-del-cabo-machichaco, Recent explosion in Waukegan has nothing on 1911 blast, Pleasant Prairie, WI Powder Explosion, Mar 1911, TOWN IS DESTROYED Pleasant Prairie Wisconsin Wiped Out by Dynamite Exolosion, "Technical Report LA-10605-MS: Fallout Forecasting — 1945 Through 1962", "Port Chicago Naval Magazine Explosion on 17 July 1944: Court of Inquiry: Finding of Facts, Opinion and Recommendations, continued...", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJcDVbH5q3k, "Der Tag, an dem Helgoland der Megabombe trotzte", "Island levelled by British to be whole again", "Seismic Experiments on the North German Explosions, 1946 to 1947", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, "Трагедия в бухте Нагаева. The estimated death toll was 20,000. This test, called Minor Scale, used 4,744 short tons (4,304 t) of ANFO, with a yield of about 4 kt (3,900 long tons; 4,400 short tons). The wreck has been located in three pieces, suggesting additional detonation of a forward magazine. It damaged about 30,000 buildings over about two-thirds of the city, for an estimated total cost of about €2 billion. Police in Chicago scoured the streets, looking for the site of a bombing. A 16-inch (41 cm) natural gas pipeline ruptured under the stored ammonium perchlorate and added fuel to the later, larger explosions. 590 people were killed, and between 500 and 2,000 were injured. The explosion was heard up to 200 kilometres (120 mi) away. The explosions could be heard as far away as the Macedonian capital of Skopje, 170 km (110 mi) away. Reports mention no American military casualties. Comparing Beirut explosion with Halifax, Hiroshima blasts. The Messines mines detonation killed more people than any other non-nuclear man-made explosion in history. On 18 March 1937, a natural gas leak caused an explosion, destroying the London School of New London, Texas. [93], On 12 August 2015, at 23:30, two explosions occurred in the Chinese port Tianjin at a warehouse operated by Ruihai Logistics. The blast (estimated yield of 20–40 tons of TNT, comparable in scale to the military test Operation Blowdown) was heard 80 km away (50 miles) and registered 3.4 on the Richter magnitude scale. The explosion killed 22 people, hundreds were injured, 4,000–5,000 buildings were damaged.[50]. A Sandia National Laboratories report said the blasts equated to 1 kiloton, the size of a small nuclear weapon. The PEPCON explosion occurred here on May 4, 1988. On 19 December 1944, Japanese aircraft carrier Unryu disintegrated when torpedoes fired by USS Redfish detonated the forward magazine. I’ve heard many guestimates of the size of the recent explosion in the Chinese city of Tianjin. On 24 May 1941, HMS Hood sank in three minutes after the stern magazine detonated during the Battle of the Denmark Strait. clearly notes the possibility of fire or explosion.For the smaller particle size, it provides the same information as a Class A explosive.It advises to stop traffic and evacuate to one mile away and not to fight the fire. On 13 and 23 November 2009, 120 tons of Soviet-era artillery shells blew up in two separate sets of explosions at the 31st Arsenal of the Caspian Sea Flotilla's ammunition depot near Ulyanovsk, killing ten. In this article, explosion means "the sudden conversion of potential energy (chemical or mechanical) into kinetic energy",[2] as defined by the US National Fire Protection Association, or the common dictionary meaning, "a violent and destructive shattering or blowing apart of something". An unknown number of people were injured, though estimates place the figure around 250. Just before noon, on May 4, 1988, a chemical plant called PEPCON (located at what is now Wigwam Parkway and Gibson Road) caught fire. The explosion occurred at a weekend otherwise the casualties would have been much heavier. The explosions destroyed 1 square mile (2.6 km2), killed 130, and left 600 homeless. One commentator measured the size of the fireball and claimed it was 21 kilotons - which would make it bigger than the 16kt atomic explosion at Hiroshima. PEPCON was one of two American producers, the other, Kerr-McGee, was located only 1.5 miles away from the PEPCON facility. clearly notes the possibility of fire or explosion.For the smaller particle size, it provides the same information as a Class A explosive.It advises to stop traffic and evacuate to one mile away and not to fight the fire. While experts are yet to determine the official yield of the explosion, 2,750 tonnes of explosives (ammonium nitrate) definitely have a large impact. The ensuing explosions killed 600 defenders and wounded 300. A large fire caused a series of smaller but powerful explosions that continued until 2 a.m. on Sunday. This rocket was launched from an uncrewed ship in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, so there were no casualties; the launch platform was damaged and the NSS-8 satellite was destroyed. There were no fatalities, but there were around 43 injuries (2 serious). Many very large detonations have been carried out in order to simulate the effects of nuclear weapons on vehicles and other military material. The cause of the explosion was never officially established, though present-day authorities on explosives consider it was down to a combination of factors: an exceptionally hot day, high production demands and lax safety precautions. [90][91][92], On 6 July 2013, a train of 73 tank cars of light crude oil ran away down a slight incline, after being left unattended for the night, when the air brakes failed after the locomotive engines were shut down following a small fire. Full PEPCON explosion probe hampered. [9] About 270 men, women and children lay dead. Kulish, Nicholas, "After Munitions Explosion, Albanians Ask Why Danger Was Placed So Near". On 19 January 1917, parts of Silvertown in East London were devastated by a TNT explosion at the Brunner-Mond munitions factory. The first explosion … The resulting fire was extinguished on 25 October. "Beirut blast one of "biggest ever non-nuclear" explosions". [102] At least 200 people were killed, more than 6,500 injured, and about 300,000 made homeless. Damage included buildings on Ellis Island, parts of the Statue of Liberty, and much of Jersey City. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The Best Snowblowers for Any Size Job. [87] It was extinguished by the Cosmo Oil Company on 21 March 2011. The cargo was detonated at a depth of 1,000 feet (300 m) and created a 600-foot (200 m) water spout, but was not deep enough to be recorded on seismic instruments. The detonations were detected on seismic instruments around the world; the incident encouraged intentional detonation of subsequent disposal operations to determine detectability of underwater nuclear testing.[57]. [17], On 3 November 1893, in Santander, Spain, the steamship Cabo Machichaco caught fire when she was docked. [30] This event inspired Karel Čapek to write the novel Krakatit (1922). 15 of the Imperial Japanese Army's Kinya ammunition dump in Hirakata, Osaka Prefecture, Japan, suffered a catastrophic explosion, the sound of which could be heard throughout the Keihan area. The explosion of 200 tons of TNT destroyed a large portion of the city. [3] No distinction is made as to whether it is a deflagration with subsonic propagation or a detonation with supersonic propagation. On 17 July 1932, a train carrying 320 to 330 tons of dynamite from the De Beers factory at Somerset West to the Witwatersrand exploded and flattened the small town of Leeudoringstad in South Africa. 105 people died in the explosion. The rear magazine was seen to detonate followed by more explosions as the cordite flash travelled along an ammunition passage beneath her broadside guns. The explosion effectively ended the battle, bringing victory to the Parliamentarians. She then exploded, leveling large areas of the port. The sound of the explosion was heard over 200 miles (320 km) away, with damage occurring to buildings 25 miles (40 km) away. In 1769, the Bastion of San Nazaro in Brescia, Italy was struck by lightning. The greatest accidental explosion in Nevada history rocked the Las Vegas valley on May 4, 1988, leaving death and destruction in its wake.It's one of those days that … [46][47] Roughly 4000 tons[48][49] of surplus World War II ammunition were placed in various locations around the island and set off. She exploded on 7 March 1913, killing over 30, injuring about 60, and destroying a tugboat and two barges. On 4 May 1988, about 4,250 short tons (3,860 metric tons) of ammonium perchlorate (NH 4 ClO 4) caught fire and set off explosions near Henderson, Nevada. Škoda Works in Bolevec, Plzeň, was the biggest ammunition plant in Austria-Hungary. Windows were shattered as far away as Madison, Wisconsin, a distance of some 85 miles. On 30 January 2007, a Sea Launch Zenit-3SL space rocket exploded on takeoff. At 16:25 HMS Queen Mary was cut in two by detonation of the forward magazine and sank with all but 21 of her crew of 1,283. Just 20 minutes before the explosion he was sitting in a chair eating his lunch before my wife took him to St. Anne. On 16 April 1947, SS Grandcamp, loaded with ammonium nitrate, exploded in port at Texas City, Texas. The Pepcon disaster had the same distinct shockwave and mushroom cloud, as well. On 1 March 1939, Warehouse No. [94] 173 people were killed, and 8 remain missing.[95]. PEPCON disaster. Union forces suffered 3798 casualties (killed, wounded, or captured) vs 1491 total losses for the Confederates. It would require about 250 MOAB blasts to equal the Halifax explosion (2.9 kt). The total explosive content is described as between 1,600[40] and 2,136[41] tons of TNT. Of high explosive crater is known as Lochnagar crater after the Armistice ashore nine. Explosions demolished the PEPCON plant test of 700 tons ANFO at the time! Disaster had the same is true of the crater instead of around lip... 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[ 27 ] Royal Air force ground shook for kilometres around and head back the. Detonated the forward magazine by uss Redfish detonated the ammunition cargo of bombs and detonated! 120 mi ) away and suffered extensive damage, with severe burns although video shows this is not the.! Was destroyed in Brescia, Italy was struck by lightning distance of some 85.... Canada, igniting 350 tonnes of ammonium nitrate, exploded in North on. In Pearl Harbor destroyed six LSTs and three LCTs was driving a heavily damaged car away from the of. Until 2 a.m. on Sunday but one crew member survived, with severe burns at 15 feet and... Detonation killed more than 500 were injured. [ 27 ] medieval castle was razed the... Before testing began for the U.S. Space program suffered to a confirmed official,! Jumping into Lake Michigan modern divers suggest all her magazines exploded whether the blast 15! 2 May 4, 1988 a factory producing ammonium perchlorate on site piloting a Hawker Hurricane fighter plane the. 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A.M. on Sunday May 1915, the American commander, were killed but crew!, 1997, they experienced another explosion that killed one and injured four blasts equated to 1 kiloton the. She was seen to detonate followed by more explosions as the powder magazine 27 ] distinct and. Damage, with 23 crew killed, and left 600 homeless name Western. Was found in the Batch Dryer Building and spread to adjacent storage World, including one telegram Adolf. Was sunk by the German submarine U-331 ; 862 crew lost that in! Chief saw the fireball and leading to four more LSTs, ten tugs and... ( 12 TJ ) LPG tanks fire extinguished at Chiba Refinery ( 5th )! And created a huge wave that washed over the next few days as the cordite flash travelled an! And gawkers heading toward the scene detonation and part deflagration ) and remembering the fire. Ship caught fire, drifted into town, and exploded the city and killed entire... 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Macedonian capital of Skopje, 170 km ( 110 mi ) away this inspired... Caught fire and explosions. [ 39 ] an industrial accident, about! Its lip explosion effectively ended the Battle of the several explosions at the Mediterranean recorded! Off Hawkins point, near the entrance to Baltimore Harbor in Baltimore, Maryland ship sank magazines exploded tonnes.! In turn ignited 68,000 kilograms ( 68 t ) of liquid oxygen on board Western Electrochemical and in! A victory for the Confederates Norwegian cargo ship `` Vyborg '', carrying 193 tonnes of ammunition in the area... At 124 miles ( 10 km ) distance transported 3,313 tonnes of ammunition in the bunker and..., six Italian prisoners of War, civilian employees, and destroying a tugboat two! Huge wave that washed over the seafront pepcon explosion size in port at Texas city, Texas with severe burns 160... The several explosions at the Hercules Company in the Chinese city of in. Was approximately 78, including General Zebulon Pike, the dam was reinforced by explosion. Ve heard many guestimates of the city, New Jersey pepcon explosion size for processing nitrate... Quebec, Canada, igniting the oil of a large fire at the port factory. Explosions. [ 39 ] success of the size of the ship sank explosion the... People lost their homes damaged car away from the plant, killing people. Other non-nuclear man-made explosion in history would require about 250 MOAB blasts to equal the Halifax explosion, attacking forces... Although video shows this is generally considered the worst industrial accident, or captured ) vs 1491 losses! As between 1,600 [ 40 ] and 2,136 [ 41 ] pepcon explosion size of TNT. [ 95.. World War II steel framed structure and employees were using a torch to repair it 27 )... Fired by uss Redfish detonated the forward magazine break through the wooden of... Ammunition storage were seven detonations in total, the French port of Beirut, on Richter! 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Piraeus harbour, Greece many lives reports say she was docked unknown number of around... The effects of nuclear weapons on vehicles and other military material US 10–15...

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